The conventional method to evaluate earthquake induced PERMANENT deformations of slopes is the one proposed by Newmark. In this paper, PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT of slopes is studied using a combination of distinct element ancl finite difference methods and the results of these numerical evaluations are compared with those of the Newmark's approach. Several parameters involved, including peak ground acceleration, period of excitation, friction and cohesion of the sliding surface, are considered in this study. The results show that the period of excitation is an important parameter in finding the DISPLACEMENTs of slopes. In addition, it is shown that in resonance condition, the PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT of a slope, derived by Newmark's method, can be twice the one predicted by the distinct element method. Finally, It is realized that, in frictional materials, PERMANENT DISPLACEMENTs of slopes obtained by the distinct element and Newmark's methods are in better agreement compared with the corresponding results in cohesive materials.

Newmark's sliding block method is commonly used for estimating earthquake-induced PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT of earth slopes and embankments. Since this method is a simplified dynamic analysis procedure with acceptable accuracy, it has received considerable attention among the geotechnical practitioners. However, it has some shortcomings such as neglecting system response and sliding mass rotation. Hence, researchers have proposed modified procedure to enhance the realistic features of this method. The effect of sliding mass rotation, which sets the block in a gentler condition, was previously considered by continuous increment of yield acceleration. Since the sliding mass is three dimensional in reality, smaller PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT is expected when the width of block is accounted for. In this paper, width of the rotating-sliding mass is taken into account in the coupled and decoupled solution of sliding block equations. The results show that the width of the slip zone is effective on the resulting DISPLACEMENTs. With a constant slip length, whatever slip width is reduced, yield acceleration increases and consequently difference between the modified decoupled (or modified coupled) and decoupled (or coupled) increases.

As a simplified dynamic analysis, the Newmarkian sliding block and decoupled and coupled analyses have received considerable attention among geotechnical practitioners for estimating the earthquake-induced PERMANENT deformation of earth slopes and embankments. However, some conceptual limitations might affect the estimated PERMANENT DISPLACEMENTs. Research work still proceeds to modify the basic sliding block approach in order to attain more precise estimates of seismic ground DISPLACEMENT. The original sliding block analogy assumes a constant yielding acceleration, while there must be variable yield acceleration due to the downward stabilizing movement of the sliding soil mass. In this paper, yield acceleration is modified based upon the changes in the geometry of the sliding surface. An analytical coupled solution is done for a SDOF system with distributed mass and stiffness throughout the system height; whereas sliding DISPLACEMENT and dynamic system response are coupled. Numerical analyses reveal that consideration of the sliding mass rotation and modification of yield acceleration significantly affects the resultant PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT, especially for small slip lengths. It is also shown that period ratio, yield acceleration, and input motion have a significant impact on the results. For better evaluation of the effect of seismic parameters on PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT, a wide-ranging database of earthquake records containing 1363 records from 25 earthquakes, were employed, and PERMANENT DISPLACEMENTs were evaluated by the proposed coupled analysis with variable yield acceleration. A regression model is presented to predict PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT, including, as a function of the seismic parameters, slip lengths, period ratio, and yield acceleration. The presented equation is compared with the models proposed by other researchers. The proposed equation is applicable for microzonation of landslide hazard.

Background: Limited studies are available on the calculation of radiation exposure and its associated risks for people in contact with patients who have been treated with PERMANENT prostate brachytherapy. In this study the changes in the radiation exposure were calculated in different stages of the bladder fullness in prostate seed brachytherapy. Methods: Magnetic resonance images of three patients with full and empty bladders and different prostate sizes (32-71 mL; mean 54.6 mL) were used for Monte-Carlo dose calculations. Dose rate to skin for each patient was calculated using MCNP4c, MCNPX. Results: There were no significant differences between dose distribution in the skin relative to the changes in the prostate position due to bladder filling (P=0.05).Conclusion: Our results showed a negligible change in radiation exposure around the patient due to prostate DISPLACEMENT after bladder filling.

In the 11th August 2012 two Earthquakes trembled Azarbayjan that their scales were 6 Mw and 6.2 Mw. The locking depth of these two earthquakes is about 10 km, the epicenter of the first one is 38.55 N and 46.87 E, and the second one is 38.87 N and 46.87 E. In this research DISPLACEMENT of the earth crust during trembling on these stations was determined by using PERMANENT GPS stations in Ahar Earthquake 2012. The cosiesmic offset due to the Ahar earthquake has been studied using PERMANENT GPS Network of Azarbayjan (a sub network of Iranian PERMANENT GPS Network). Here, we explore these issues using data processing and times series analysis of the GPS sites. We found 0.5 to 2 cm offset that the GPS site (near and far) showed from the main rapture due to earthquake.

The Iranian plateau is one of the seismic active zones of shallow crustal earthquakes in the world so that annually thousands earthquake occurs in the Iranian plateau. Meanwhile, due to the effect of topographic and geological characteristics of its relief, the Iranian plateau is subjected to diffuse phenomena of landslide, especially in Alborz and Zagros mountains, which are exacerbated by the high seismic activity. The earthquake-induced landslides have reportedly caused major human fatalities and economic losses in Iran. The prediction of sliding DISPLACEMENT can decrease landslide hazards to the civil engineering strcutures. The semi-empirical models have recently received more attention from the geotechnical earthquake engineering practitioners because of their applicability, simplicity, and reasonable performance in large DISPLACEMENTs. The rigid block-rotation approach was developed based on the increase of critical acceleration caused by the downward movement of sliding soil mass. This paper represents a semi-empirical model for the earthquake-induced DISPLACEMENT of Iran's slopes using the rigid block-rotation approach. A collection of 3954 strong motion records was used to generate the model based on the results of slidinganalyses. The semi-empirical model is presented based on more than 138, 000 rigid block-rotation analyses using several input parameters. The model predicts sliding DISPLACEMENT in terms of yield coefficient (ky), slip length of sliding mass (L), and Arias Intensity (Ia). It is shown that slip length of sliding mass has an important role in the prediction of seismic PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT, which is generally ignored in the semi-empirical models. The proposed model can be simply used to estimate the seismic DISPLACEMENT of slopes and earthquake-landslide hazards in seismic prone regions of the Iranian plateau.

Since proper functioning of the transportation system is essential in times of crisis, correct design and accurate prediction of earthquake-induced PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT of embankments and trenches have been considered by many engineers. Different methods are available for estimating earthquake-induced PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT of embankments and trenches in roads, such as pseudo-static, numerical, analytical and semi-analytical. Due to its simplicity, Newmarkian rigid block analogy has received considerable attention from geotechnical researchers and practitioners. Since the conventional Newmarkian analogy has many limitations, conservative and non-conservative estimations of sliding DISPLACEMENT would be possible. Therefore, researchers have proposed many modifications to this method. One of these limitations is the effect of rotation. In fact, it is anticipated that the downward rotational (stabilizing) movement of the soil mass, can significantly affect the yielding acceleration of the presumed slip surface. In this paper, keeping in mind the effect of rotation, the conventional formulation of the Newmark approach is modified numerically. The results are presented and compared for several conditions including the conventional rigid block, decoupled assumption of sliding and slope response, coupled consideration of sliding and slope response, and decoupled assumption with the effect of sliding block rotation. According to the results of this study, the period ratio (ratio of natural period of slope to the mean period of input motion) and the length of slip surface, can significantly affect the PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT of sliding mass.

The behavior of the buried pipes under the fault DISPLACEMENT is a complex issue. In the past earthquakes, fault DISPLACEMENT of 2.1, 3 and 4 meters have been reported. A review on the literature shows that understanding failure modes of buried pipelines under big fault DISPLACEMENT is considered as a challenge. In this paper, the objective is to investigate the influence of the thickness parameters of the pipe on pipe behavior at pipe intersection and fault. The behavior of the pipe is studied focusing on fault DISPLACEMENTs greater than 1 meter. Using finite element ABAQUS software, the simulation was performed through dynamic analysis regarding to pipe-soil interaction. Pipe and soil Dimensions and material properties of the soil and pipe are fixed in all analyzed samples and, the fault DISPLACEMENT (0.2 to 3 meters) and the pipe thickness (from 8.2 to 20 mm) are variable parameters of this article. An analysis has been conducted for the two variables (fault DISPLACEMENT and the thickness of the pipe). Maximum axial strain values and pipe deformation modes under fault DISPLACEMENT are discussed. Likewise, the influence of pipe thickness and the amount of fault DISPLACEMENT on the value of strain of the pipe wall is indicated in numerical analysis in the result. In the DISPLACEMENT of less than 1 meter, the pipes are like the letter S and local buckling occurs in the pipeline. In the DISPLACEMENT of 1.5 meters and more, they are like the letter Z, and pipe deformation and wrinkling occur in the pipeline. In the DISPLACEMENT of more than 1.5 meters, distortion, and wrinkling pipe is deformed. In the DISPLACEMENT of more than 1 m, the strain decreases with increasing pipe thickness. Through the change of the pipe thickness, the pipe failure mode changes.

The present report aimed to explore the case of an 8-year-old patient with chief complaint of the lack of eruption of the maxillary right PERMANENT central incisor, referring to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The corresponding tooth on the contralateral side had fully erupted. The patient’ s history revealed that the predecessor deciduous tooth had sustained a trauma, resulting in the partial intrusion of the tooth into the alveolar bone, that is, the relative intrusion of the deciduous central incisor. CBCT examinations were ordered for further evaluation, which showed the upward DISPLACEMENT of the PERMANENT tooth bud in the alveolar bone as a result of the trauma, adhering to the floor of the nasal cavity. Therefore, root formation was halted, making the tooth embedded.